John L. Sullivan Biography of Early Boxing Champion

The boxer John L. Sullivan occupied a unique place in late 19th century America, as he rose to enormous fame in a sport previously considered an illegal and even morally degraded diversion. Before Sullivan, no one could make a legitimate living as a prizefighter in America, and bouts were held in secret locations, hidden from the authorities. During Sullivan’s rise to prominence, the fight game became mainstream entertainment, despite being frowned upon by polite society. When Sullivan fought, thousands gathered to watch and millions paid attention via news bulletins relayed by telegraph. A native of Boston, Sullivan became the great hero of Irish Americans, and his portrait decorated barrooms from coast to coast. It was considered an honor to shake his hand. For decades politicians who had met him would campaign by telling voters they  Ã¢â‚¬Å"could shake the hand that shook the hand of John L. Sullivan.† Sullivan’s fame was something new in society and his celebrity status seemed to mark a cultural turning point. During his boxing career, he was admired by the lowest classes in society, yet was also received by political figures including presidents and Britain’s Prince of Wales. He lived a very public life and negative aspects of it, including episodes of marital infidelity and numerous drunken incidents, were widely known. Yet the public tended to remain loyal to him. In an era in which fighters were generally, disreputable characters and fights were often rumored to be fixed, Sullivan was regarded as incorruptible. â€Å"I was always strong with the people,† Sullivan said, â€Å"because they knew I was on the level.† Early Life John Lawrence Sullivan was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on October 15, 1858. His father was a native of County Kerry, in the west of Ireland. His mother had also been born in Ireland. Both parents were refugees from the Great Famine. As a boy, John loved playing various sports, and he attended a commercial college and received a good practical education for the time. As a young man, he served apprenticeships as a tinsmith, plumber, and mason. None of those skills turned into a lasting job, and he remained focused on sports. In the 1870s fighting for money was outlawed. But  a common loophole existed: boxing matches were billed as â€Å"exhibitions† in theaters and other venues. Sullivan’s first bout before an audience was in 1879 when he defeated an older fighter in a match that took place between variety acts in a Boston theater. Soon after, part of the Sullivan legend was born. At another theater engagement, an opponent saw Sullivan and quickly departed before they fought. When the audience was told the fight would not happen, hissing broke out. Sullivan walked onstage, stood before the footlights, and proclaimed something that would become his trademark: â€Å"My name’s John L. Sullivan and I can lick any man in the house.† One member of the audience took Sullivan up on the challenge. They squared off on stage and Sullivan put him back into the audience with one punch. Ring Career Sullivan’s rise to prominence came at a time when fights were moving away from the illegal bare-knuckle contests to more controlled bouts in which participants wore padded gloves. The bare-knuckle contests, which were fought under what was known as the London Rules, tended to be feats of endurance, lasting dozens of rounds until one fighter could no longer stand. As fighting without gloves meant a strong punch could injure the puncher’s hand, as well as another’s, jaw, those bouts tended to rely on body blows and seldom ended dramatically with knockouts. But as fighters, including Sullivan, adapted to punching with protected fists, the quick knockout became common. And Sullivan became famous for it. It was often said that Sullivan never really learned to box with any strategy. What made him outstanding was the strength of his punches and his stubborn determination. He could simply absorb enormous punishment from an opponent before landing one of his ferocious punches. In 1880 Sullivan wanted to fight the man considered the American heavyweight champion, Paddy Ryan, who had been born in Thurles, Ireland, in 1853. When challenged, Ryan dismissed Sullivan with the comment, â€Å"Go get yourself a reputation.† After more than a year of challenges and taunts, a much-anticipated fight between Sullivan and Ryan was finally held on February 7, 1882. Conducted under the old, and illegal, bare-knuckle rules, the fight was held outside New Orleans, in a location kept secret until the last minute. An excursion train carried thousands of spectators to the venue, at a small resort town called Mississippi City. The headline on the front page of the next day’s New York Sun told the story: â€Å"Sullivan Wins the Fight.† A sub-headline read, â€Å"Ryan Badly Punished By the Heavy Blows of His Antagonist.† The front page of the Sun detailed the fight, which lasted for nine rounds. In several stories, Sullivan was portrayed as an unstoppable force, and his reputation was established. Throughout the 1880s Sullivan toured the United States, often issuing challenges to any and all local fighters to meet him in the ring. He made a fortune but seemed to squander it away just as quickly. He developed a reputation as a braggart and a bully, and countless stories of his public drunkenness circulated. Yet the crowds loved him. The sport of boxing was heavily promoted throughout the 1880s by the popularity of the Police Gazette, a sensationalistic publication edited by Richard K. Fox. With a keen eye for the public mood, Fox had transformed what had been a scandal sheet covering crime into a sports publication. And Fox was often involved in promoting athletic contests, including boxing matches. Fox had backed Ryan in the 1882 fight against Sullivan, and in 1889 he again backed a Sullivan challenger, Jake Kilrain. That bout, conducted beyond the reach of the law in Richburg, Mississippi, was a huge national event. Sullivan won a brutal fight which lasted for 75 rounds over two hours. Again, the fight was front-page news across the country. Legacy of John L. Sullivan With Sullivan’s place in athletics secure, he tried to branch out into acting in the 1890s. He was, by most accounts, a terrible actor. But people still bought tickets to see him in theaters. In fact, wherever he went people clamored to see him. It was considered a great  honor to shake hands with Sullivan. His celebrity status was such that Americans, for decades, would tell stories of having met him. As an early sports hero in America, Sullivan essentially created a template that would be followed by other athletes. For Irish Americans, he held a special place for generations, and prints of him in a fighting pose adorned gathering places such as Irish social clubs or barrooms. John L. Sullivan died February 2, 1918, in his native Boston. His funeral was a massive event, and newspapers across the country printed reminiscences of his illustrious career.

To What Extent Does the Mise-En-Scene in ‘Night of the...

To what extent does the Mise-en-Scene in ‘Night of the Hunter’ reinforce an understanding of the films mood, character and narrative themes? The term Mise-en-Scene is used to signify the director’s control over what happens in the film frame. In English the phrase literally translates to â€Å"putting in the scene† (Bordwell, 2010a). ‘Night of the Hunter’ (Charles Laughton, 1955) is a prime example of a film that uses aspects of Mise-en-Scene to sway the audience’s opinions of characters and their understanding of narrative themes and to create a certain atmosphere in the film. â€Å"Although the fundamental aspects of Mise-en-Scene in both theatre and cinema are those of lighting, blocking and production design (costume, props and sets),†¦show more content†¦The way the actor fluctuates between being composed and being suddenly aggressive expresses the psychotic nature of his personality. However, even when he is composed the actor still manages to give an unsettling performance. Although a lot of this is communicated through lighting techniques and non-diegetic music, the acto r was required to give a rather edgy performance. This performance in ‘Night of the Hunter’ allows, in the narrative, the more strong-minded characters such as John Harper and Rachel Cooper to see through his disingenuity. We are shown Rachel Cooper and John Harper’s discomfort by their facial expressions, most prominently when Reverend Powell is giving his speeches about love and hate. The costume of Reverend Powell is also instrumental to the narrative in ‘Night of the Hunter’ as the he relies upon his typical preacher outfit to fool the unsuspecting characters, the costume having obvious connotations of good morals. Similarly, makeup is employed in this film but this time to signify a progression in narrative. This is apparent when the kids are on the journey down the river, their eyes made dark with makeup. This indicates to the audience that the children have been travelling for a long time. The setting of the river is also significant in this film. Just like the western road movie genre, when the children escape, it can be seen as â€Å"a

The Importance Of Accounting In Our Modern Society Free Essays

string(39) " teach students accounting techniques\." Accounting is a very important term to our modern society. It is the career for men and women who at the start have their eyes set on top positions in industry, management, government, and general business. Accounting is a basic need of every businessmen, from the operator of a filling station to the government of the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance Of Accounting In Our Modern Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now It†s so important to our society. None of the business organization can operate without is. They are there-somewhere-in every business. In small business, people use pen, ink and skill keep teh records. In large business, modern accounting machines are used to operate. Men and women are directing these machines in the accounting process. Wise businessmen enter business must have some accounting knowledge. Accounting is a vital element of business. It records the way a business has grown and, after analyzing figures, suggests the way it should go in the future. Furtunes are gambled on the advice of accountants. If your friend has ever operated a business and you saw him placing figures in ledgers, then you saw him doing bookkeeping. If you have worked at a service station or supermarket and have seen books with large sheets lined in green and red lying on the manager†s table or desk, you saw books of accounting. Accounting is one of the fastest growing fields in the United States It expands each time a new store, a factory, a filling station, or a school goes up, whether in a large city or a small town. In today†s society, the demand for good accountants for exceeds the supply. As our country has expanded, business and industry have become more and more complex, so control here is very important. And control depends on a great deal of the bookkeepers and accountants who can analyze figues and advise management on what should be done. They are using more scientific ways changing money, figuring change, and collecting sales taxes. Moreover, department stores and other companies now have plants and offices widely scattered throughout the country. A new set of bookkeepers and accountants, is needed at each branch. I know there are many managements supervisory, and junior or senior executive positions are bing filled by people who started as accountants because accountants have the knowledge of methods and finance and comprehension of the fundamentals of business, and accounting is the foundation of sound business. The two kinds of accountants, public accountants and private accountants serve different important functions in business organization. Business enterprises, government agencies, and nonprofit institutions, such as universities and churches more are more likely use public accountant. They offer their services to the general public on a fee basis in much the same way as do lawyers, doctors, and dentists. In addition, the larger firms have professional accountants on their staff who work for a salary, but are also considered public accountants. The two important areas, auditing and tax services are also the job for public accountants. In a single business enterprise or nonprofit organization, the main job for private accounts in to handle the finanacial records. Manufacturing or other concerns are also need accountants, in that situation, they are often called industrial accountants. In addition, accountants are employeed by all branches of federal state, and local government, including government-owned corporations. Accountants in private and government work customarily specialize in the performance of a single type of accounting service, they may do any of the types of accounting service just described above. They also tend to become specialists in a narrow field of employment such as a particular branch of manufacturing, public utilities, or transportation. Except public accountants and private accountants, there are some other general category of accountants who are taking important parts in business organizations. They are managerial accountants, controller, cost accountant, government accountant, internal accountant and teaching accountant. Each of the accountant serves different function in business organization. A company needs well-organized management. Managerial accountant is a kind of person hired by a company and trained to be a manager one day. The managerial accountant, needs to learn all aspects of the company-people, products, plants, and equipments. They should know how to handle management responsibility, and administrative skills. A company needs somebody to record its financial operating datas, and measure performance, and it needs somebody to interpret results of operations, and to plan and make recommendations for actions. Controller is this kind person of the company and is responsible for the records of the company†s operation. His or her job is not only deal with finances, but also deal with people, products, equipments and material. In addition, he or she also needs to concern about sales and profit of the company. Like the president or vicepresident, controller has opportunities to exercise imagination and judgement and to make rewarding contribution to the company. A corporation may exist many different items in managactures, and those items go hundreds of various sized and priced componenets. The sales office will have to know the production cost of each item in order ot arrive at a sales price that will contain a profit for the company. A cost accountant works on it. He studies the items one by one, figures the cost of every parts of the products, and then arrives at the production cost of each item. Organizations of federal, state, or municipal government also need accountants to help their business. Government accountants come to do a variety of financial management work. They may deal with auditing, designing and maintaining. They may do budgeting and administrative duties requiring the use of accounting information. A modern business organization needs internal accountant to see whether the assets of a business are properly protected and accounted for, that current trasactions are completely recorded, or the company†s waste and loss whether to be saved or not. High schools, colleges or universities are also need accounting professors to teach students accounting techniques. You read "The Importance Of Accounting In Our Modern Society" in category "Essay examples" Teaching accountants, who know a great deal about accounting and has had some practical experience in dealing with persons and businesses, ready to pass along their knowledge and experiences to students and future accountants. In small schools, teachers have other duties besides their work in the classrooms. They serve as school secretaries, bookkeepers, statistical clerks, and managers in lunchrooms. In addition to the accounts mentioned above, you may also find tax accountant, a systems and control accountant, a budget accountant, or an auditor. Working people need to pay taxes. Tax is so important to our society. It†s a main financial imcome of the government. People have to pay different kinds of tax according to their imcome. For example, they need to pay imcome tax, social security tax, state unemployment tax, federal excise tax, state and local sales and miscellantous taxes, property taxes, and federal and state taxes on corportation imcomes. As an accountant, one of the job he needs to do is to hepl people to pay taxes. Taxes and accounting are intervined. In dividual tax liabilities are arrived at by an accounting process. Large corporations that pay taxes in the hundreds of thousands of dollars, hire many accountants. Thus, accountant is tightly related to the tax adminatration. Accountants use skills in tax matters to help prepare people yearly report. According to the statistics, â€Å"In California, individual CPA practitioners report that around 21 percent of their business is tax work. Public accountant practitioners, who are closer to the small income earners, report that 25 percent of their business is tax work. † Especially public accountants, their large percentage of income is come from tax work. Because of the development of the modern society and increasement of peoples† income, more and more accountants are needed for tax work. Sound business needs good record, so control accountants are needed for this. They can help and advice managers to well develop their business. Some government firms and other organizations such as banks, stores, schools, churches, need auditors to operate the business. The auditor†s report will be of particular value to stockholders and creditors, since it shows an impartial opinion of the company is financial condition. For the management of the company, the auditor can often make very valuable suggestions for cutting costs, minmizing tax liabilities, and finding new ways to increase profits. Let†s look some accounting jobs in government. There are two million federal employees are working for the government , dealing with problems of population, education, transportation, national security, welfare and others. Accountants, auditors, system analysts, and budget administrators are helping to maintain the stability in modern governmental operations. United Stated is teh largest enterprise in the world today, we can imagine how complexity of the business got to be, so accountants take important parts in the operation of these business. They work for department of Agriculture, department of Commerce, department of Defense, department of Health, Edaucaiton, and Welfare, post offic edepartment and department of teh Treasury. Department of Agriculture deal with agricultural production, chemistry, economics, engineering, marketing, conservation, price support, and production adjustment problems. The department nees accountants to help its programs. The main job for accountant in this agency is to develop and maintain financial management systems, prepare and analyze budgetary and program lost statements, check costs of commercial food processors and producers, audit various operations in the office and in the field, and check records of commercial, cooperative, and state and municipal organizations participating in agricultural programs. Department of Commerce performs a wide range of operations. It gathers information about domestic and foreign industries and trade, publishes technical information for the government, and handles allocations of materials necessary to military and atomic energy programs. It†s also a place which needs accountants. Accountants here maintain regulatory and cost accounting systems, and audit steamship, railroad, and utility companies. Department of defense is an department which includes departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force. This department has established an ideal career program to help recruit auditors and accountants. The department needs a well-qualified accountants and auditors. Those accountants are needed to handle cost accounting, property and inventory accounting, inernal and external auditing, and budgeting. Under the department of Health, Education, and Welfare, there are Public Health Servide, the Food and Drug Administration, the Office of Education, the Social Security Administration, and the Office of Vacational Rehabilitation. Those offices are located every where in the United States, so countless accountants are needed to operate in these organizations. The work mostly involves cost accounting, hospital accounting budgeting, auditing, and financial mangement. Post Office Deartmetn is another place which needs accountants assistants. This large department employs more than 560,000 persons and operates over 35,000 post offices. Besides that, it provides money-order and postal-saving services. All this naturally involves large sums of money and huge volumes of transactions. To handle it all, â€Å"The depatment has set up within its organization a Bureau of Finance, which looks after the the accounting, budgeting, cost accounting, keeping statistics and financial data, nd financial management work. † Department of the Treasury serves as the government†s banker, bookkeeper, disburser, collector, trustee, investor, lender, printer of the currency, coiner of money, supervisor of national banks, and financial advisor to the President and Congress. It†s not hard to see that each of these duties involves accounting. The Treasure Department needs men and women educated and trained in accounting, auditiing, budgeting, and financial management. Here accountants may be systems accountants, general accountants, cost accountants, internal auditors, revenue agents, bank examiners, budget and fiscal officers, management analysts, tax analysts, and public debt analysts. There are also a nember of independent agencies with which an accountant may find interesting and challenging work. There are the Atomi Energy Commission, the Farm Credit Administration, the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Securities and Exchange Commission and other important commissions, an accountant can find an easy way upward to general administrative and managerial positions. There is a overseeing department is called the United States Greneral Accounting Office. Just as a company president is the top man over many men and departments below him. The department generally oversees all the other agencies of the government. This vital department is headed by the comptroller General of the United States. As the President is called the Chief Executive of the nation, you could call the comptroller General the Chief Accountant of the nation. His office, an independent agency in the legislative branch, has the vitally important job of making audits of the programs, activities, and financial responsibilities of federal departments and agencies. It even checks government contracts. Since women†s position has been improved in the U. S, accounting also opened its door to women. It can be the world of achievement for the women who is looking for a higher ststus than what is offered by ledgers and journals. Accountants in today†s society is expected to know a great deal about management, business practice and theory, taxes, cost accounting, auditing, and systems and controls. To the woman who can train these and other subjects gose the opportunity to work at the management level with executives and leaders of business. Women also have opportunities for specialization and self-employment in an accounting firm. That†s why I say accounting is the door which widely open to women, and more and more women are stepping into it. According to the statistics â€Å"By 1910, there were about 190,000 women engaged in the occapation. From 1940-1950 the increase in female bookkeepers was 37,395. An estimate, based on the 1950 census, showed 556,229 women bookkeepers compared to only 164,748 men in the same employment. The figures show women occupy a large percentage in accounting field. Accounting is every where. Non eof the business or nonbusiness organization can stay longer without it. There is no doubt that all the business require some people who have some experience or knowledge in bookkeeping and accounting. More and more employers prefer employees with some knowledge of bookkeeping and accounting. There are other some examples of accounting job are required in different business: Office Manager-accountant, excellent salary, may advance to plany controller. How to cite The Importance Of Accounting In Our Modern Society, Essay examples

Healing Hospitals

Question: Describe the components of a healing hospital and their relationship to spirituality. What are the challenges of creating a healing environment in light of the barriers and complexities of the hospital environment? Answer: Healing Hospitals: Healing hospitals are based on the principle of healing mind, body and spirit of the patients. Thehealing hospitals are based on the ancient tradition where love is centre of healing. These hospitals are based on the concept of caring and focuses on removing the stress of various health risks from both the patients and visitors. The pupose of the healing hospitals is not to just cure the disease of the patient but also proper care should be given without compromising the dignity and privacy of the patients.by taking care of the spiritual and emotional concerns of the patients (Belkin, 1989). Hence it can be said that healing hospitals helps in the entire well being of the patients and its family. Components of Healing Hospitals Healing hospitals are not like traditional hospitals, beyond mortar, windows and walls; these are based on a strong culture of love and care. As per Eberst (2008), healing hospitals are based on three components: Healing physical environment: Healing hospitals are based on some principles with improved performance. These hospitals don't only care for the patients but also manages how to engage with the patients' families. Such an environment is created, which gives the strength to the patients and families to fight with the illness. Integration of work design and technology: Hospitals are such designed which makes the staff to work more efficiently and provide additional privacy and security to the patients. Moreover, use of such technology enhances the healing environment. Third one is the culture of radical loving care: This is the most critical component and is based on the philosophy of love and care. It is believed that without any compassionate care, there can be no healing hospitals. Healing hospitals just not only hire the staff, but also train them to deal with extra love and care to the patients and their families. In healing patients, holistic approach is promoted, which not only meets the physical needs, but also deals with spiritual and emotional needs. The compassion and commitment to service makes the most stressful time of the patients into positive one (Curtin, 1987). Challenges and Barriers to Healing Hospitals The healing hospital paradigm is a very noble concept. Many challenges are faced in implementing the concept of traditional hospital environment. One of the challenges in setting the hospital is the finances. A large investment is required for the setup of the healing hospitals, as for the training, recruitment and facilities, technology investment is required. Many Legal challenges such as higher rates of litigation and escalating cost of insurance premium also act as barrier in Healing Hospitals (Norstad, 1968). Biblical Aspects of a Healing Hospital Healing hospitals are based on the concept of ancient tradition where love is the centre of care. This is based on the framework, the Golden Thread, which symbolizes as the faith in God. This maintains a balance in the scientific advancement and demand of human spirit. As health care providers they are tend to call upon patient heart and head. Golden Thread is must for running a healing hospital and should be continuous. It is the Golden Thread, which connects both healers and patients (Kindersley, 1960). Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded from above that in spite of curing or eliminating the disease, the entire well being of the patient with spiritual love and care is the focus of Healing hospitals. This concept is based on three components, a healing physical environment, culture of love and care an integrated work design and technology. In spite of all this many challenges are also faced in implementing the healing concept. References Belkin, N. (1989). Hospital Creates Haven for Healing.AORN Journal,50 (1), 92-96. Curtin, L. (1987). Healing the Hospital.Nursing Management (Springhouse),18 (12), 9 11 Kindersley, C. (1960). Spiritual Healing in Hospitals.BMJ,2(5193), 235-235. Norstad, F. (1968). The Hospital As A Healing Community.International Review Of Mission,57(226), 201-212.